A SPANISH Supreme Court judge has charged 13 pro-independence Catalan politicians, including former president Carles Puigdemont, with rebellion for their attempt to declare independence from Spain.

Judge Pablo Llarena's indictment ended the investigation into the events that six months ago knocked Spain into its deepest political crisis in decades.

Rebellion charges are punishable with up to 30 years in prison under Spanish law.

In a court ruling issued on Friday, Judge Llarena said that 25 Catalans in total will be tried for rebellion, embezzlement or disobedience.

Others charged with rebellion were former Catalan vice president Oriol Junqueras, who is already in pre-trial detention; seven other members of the ousted Catalan government; former Catalan parliament speaker Carme Forcadell; jailed activists Jordi Sanchez and Jordi Cuixart; and the leader of the left-republican ERC party, Marta Rovira, who defied the judge's summons and announced on Friday that she was fleeing Spain.

In a letter addressed to her party followers and posted on ERC's website, Rovira did not say whether she had left Spain already or where she might go.

"Today I undertake a hard road, a path that, unfortunately, so many others that preceded us have had to take," Rovira wrote, adding: "The path of exile."

Five other Catalan politicians, including Puigdemont, fled to Brussels following the secession attempt in late October.

An anti-establishment party's former politician, Anna Gabriel, fled to Switzerland earlier this year.

The unity of Spain is enshrined in the constitution, which says the country is "indivisible", and courts have blocked Catalonia's independence efforts at every turn, despite a referendum delivering a Yes vote.

Twelve of the former regional ministers are also charged with misuse of public funds. And seven other politicians are charged with disobedience.

The judge also required the 14 ex-members of the Catalan cabinet to pay 2.1 million euros (£1.8 million) as a deposit before the trial establishes whether they need to pay back misused public funds.

That figure includes 1.6 million euros that, according to the judicial investigation, were used to pay for the October 1 referendum which saw a brutal use of force from Spanish police on Cataln voters.

Six of the politicians were summoned to court on Friday - an indication that the judge may later in the day order them jailed pending trial.

They include Jordi Turull, a former minister of the ousted regional cabinet, who on Thursday failed in his bid to be elected as the region's new president.

The semi-autonomous region has been without a leader for nearly five months after central authorities took control following October's independence declaration.