Finding the balance between cultural heritage and renewables for 'Red John'

Pumped-storage hydroelectricity (PSH)is seen by many as a renewables game changer. Such facilities are essentially huge batteries: during periods of peak electrical demand, the stored water is released through turbines to produce power. In this case, water would be pumped underground from the loch up to a newly created upper reservoir on Ashie Moor.

The developers, Intelligent Land Investments (ILI), write: “As well as dramatically improving our energy security, this transformational proposal is a fantastic opportunity for the community to benefit from the energy transition while helping turbo-charge Scotland’s decarbonisation efforts.”

Across the world, a key factor in determining whether decisive steps can be taken towards rapid decarbonisation is public ownership. From the outside, Red John would seem to be “business as usual”, set up as a private venture, albeit with handouts to the local community and opportunities for community investment. This is and has been the case with most large-scale renewable projects in Scotland; developers are only doing what they can within the existing legislative environment.

In this case, extensive and impressive research has been undertaken, engaging with stakeholders such as Sepa, Scottish Natural Heritage, Scottish Water and Historic Environment Scotland (HES). The project is currently going through a process of community consultation, with a recent public meeting in Dores, and has met a largely positive response.

One of the reasons this project was first brought to my attention is the name, which has raised eyebrows locally and frustrated Gaelic place-name experts. Albeit a working title, it looks to be a clanger of a mistranslation of Lochan an Eòin Ruadh (a swift Google translation will give you Eòin as John, but in this case the place name refers to birds, eun/eòin). Wee loch of the red birds. It’s likely that the birds are the learga dhearg – the red-throated diver, one of our rarest protected bird species. These birds are known as the “rain geese”, so-called for their ability to predict weather patterns; their distinctive call a sign of the coming of the rains.

Meanwhile, more locally, there are concerns that the new reservoir might engulf or impact upon lesser-known sites connected with local legend. The moor up by Loch Ashie looks empty, but the place names and significant stones reveal what local researcher Raghnaid Sandilands calls an “amphitheatre of stories”. Fionn MacCumhail, “pan-Celtic superhero”, is said to have fought a Viking prince here, Aithisidh (Ashie). Thanks to her work, we know that within or near the proposed construction boundary, there is an impressive stone fold, Buaile a’ Chòmhraig, “fold of the battle”, where they readied for battle, and Clach na Brataich, “the banner stone”, where Fionn raised his flag. In the vicinity there are several heaps of stone cairns, which are said to mark the burial places of those slain in battle.

The scoping reports for the pump hydro storage mention the Ashie cairn field and the legend. Cathair Fhionn, or “Fionn’s Chair”, however, which dropped off the map some time ago, and where it is said that Fionn rested after his battle, will be under water.

Given the vagaries of historical records, archaeological scheduling and a heritage policy that has historically focused on tangible and built heritage, the “cultural value” of these precious sites has been rated low, which leaves them vulnerable. Gaelic place-names expert Roddy MacLean explains: “These legends go back into the ancient times of the Gael and form one of the universal foundation threads of our Gaelic heritage and identity. They are connected to dozens, if not hundreds, of sites across Scotland, representing real or imagined connections between heroic individuals and locations in the Gàidhealtachd, and about which we still tell stories. As the Mahabharata is to Hindu Indians, and the sagas are to the Icelanders, so the tales of Fionn and the Fianna are to the Gaels.”

In the case of Ashie Moor, these sites of legend are connected to stories that inhabit the imaginations of the young people who live there. Using maps, place names, local legends and songs, Sandilands has been inspiring local children at Fèis Farr with stories of their very own superhero, Fionn MacCumhail. A friend of hers sums up the work: “If you know the stories, you love the place, and if you love the place, you look after it.”

Sandilands sees huge potential in this approach as a way to connect more deeply with cultural memory, language, local stories and the environment, as well as a creative way to participate in new tradition-making.

In global policy, this form of cultural inheritance is known as Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH), or, more colloquially, as “living culture”. In 2003, countries across the world signed the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage, promoted as a counterpart to the Unesco World Heritage Treaty of 1972. This has illuminated the burgeoning role of public participation in the inventory, presentation and conservation of cultural heritage across the globe.

The UK, however, has not ratified the 2003 convention, and it is unlikely that it will take part any time soon. The UK has a long-standing resistance to certain Unesco initiatives, dating back to the early 1980s. This may be related to the UK’s preoccupation with tangible and built heritage, the legal requirements of the treaty and its commitment to human rights, or the fact that they simply have no interest. Unesco requires the participation of state parties, however, which means that Scotland has no legal pathway to officially take part. Before the independence referendum, the SNP government promised that in the event of a Yes vote, Scotland would sign.

This situation does not mean that the Scottish Government cannot implement its own version of the policy, and in recent years this has formed a lively debate. The ambiguity of our constitutional situation is a chance to break the mould: Scotland has a chance to develop a unique framework that works with communities, moves beyond binaries and thinking in bits to see life whole. In policy, we still work with the bizarre notion that “heritage” is somehow separate from “culture” (largely a function of funding streams, and a particular understanding of our relationship with the past).

Why is it easy to grasp the importance of the need to protect our local biodiversity in the form of a rare bird species, yet so easy to undervalue a Gaelic lay as a creative expression of our relationship with local place? Both are rare and unique on the planet.

GLOBALLY, the call for “culture” is becoming ever more powerful, along with the increasing ecological, economic and social challenges to meet the aims of sustainability. The Unesco Hangzhou Declaration of 2013 puts culture at the very heart of sustainable development; this includes approaches to safeguarding and facilitating engagement with intangible cultural heritage.

In September last year, the Scottish Government launched a Just Transition Commission to advise on achieving a fair transition away from fossil fuels. “Just Transition” is a framework originally developed by indigenous peoples across the world and later adopted by the international trade union movement. Here, then, is an appeal to the commission, in this, the International Year of Indigenous Languages, to lead the way. Make a commitment to cultural equity: enlarge the policy and legislative environment to account for the living heritage and cultural diversity of our local places. The world is watching.

In the 1980s, partly inspired by a resurgence in the consciousness of indigenous peoples across the world at that time, the seeds of the Fèisean movement began the vital process of re-connecting people with their language, culture and their music.

In his essay Real People In A Real Place (1982), poet Iain Crichton Smith denounced what he called historical “interior colonisation” along with a growing materialism which he believed had left Gaels in a cultural milieu increasingly “empty and without substance”. As writer Iain MacKinnon has noted, such a view resonates with perspectives on colonisation now being made by writers and scholars of indigenous peoples across the globe. Such perspectives describe symptoms of human-ecological disconnect, alienation and loss of meaning – an indicator of just how far our human psyche and culture has become divorced from our natural environments.

Some would say that to speak of decolonisation in the Gàidhealtachd is complex given that it contains the roles of both coloniser and colonised. We can look at this through a different lens. The current global capitalist system is inextricably linked to coloniality, defined not only as an unjust economic model, but also as a hierarchy of ways of being and knowing which still marginalises non-western cultures and histories. Global climate breakdown is a direct consequence of the ideology of global capital and the epistemology of conquest, the whole point of which is to find resources and exploit them.

Addressing our growing planetary crisis, and working towards any “Just Transition”, requires the collective work of decolonisation.

In the Highlands, this work does not require everyone to learn and speak Gaelic. It does, however, demand that we recognise, respect and understand the culture of this place. This is a vital ecological argument and benefits not only the people who speak the language. Such awareness contributes towards a sense of belonging, which builds a sense of identity and community, which in turn can carry the collective values that can sustainably generate the responsibility necessary for transforming and sustaining our cultural, social and natural environments into the future.

The proposed Loch Ness PSH scheme and its exciting green energy ambitions for the the nation could be a real success story for all. We can hope that in finding a name for the new PSH reservoir that the developers will do this in a way that is sensitive to the place and the topography. One point of call is Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba, the national organisation for Gaelic place names. It is wonderful that we have such a resource. Just this week, Drochaid a’ Chaolais Chumhaing/Kylesku Bridge in Sutherland was the first bridge to be legally renamed in Gaelic, a move that was warmly welcomed.

When it comes to the stones, some people in Strathnairn, invested in these places, are writing a constructive response to the developers. Sandilands suggests that one “mitigation option” might be to move them to a new site nearby, creating a new place to celebrate these legends for generations to come. This would be quite a story for the local children, taking ownership of their cultural heritage now for the future, and would certainly put these old stones – and names – back on the map.

Don’t allow this Red John to become the bogey man signalling more of the same. Listen to the call of the red birds: they know which way the wind blows.